Scoliosis
Introduction
The thoughts, ideas, and recommendations presented in this brochure should be
considered investigational and experimental ONLY. To date, only one study has been
published regarding this new biomechanical method of treating scoliosis, and clearly this
is not enough to prove its effectiveness. It is our goal to implement a larger, long-term
study to follow up on the promise offered by this initial research as quickly as possible.
I wrote this brochure because, over the years I have spent working in my father.s
chiropractic clinic, I have developed a great deal of respect and even admiration for the
men and women of all ages who have come to us for treatment of their scoliosis. I have
listened to their stories, empathized with their pain, and shared in their joy as positive
changes were made to their so-called .incurable. condition. I have also formed close,
personal relationships with men and women who, in their youth, had undergone the
Harrington rod implantation surgery in an attempt to halt the progression of their
scoliosis and, sadly, found the quality of their lives worsened, rather than improved, by
the procedure.
Scoliosis is estimated to affect 4.5% of the general population. In a nation of
approximately 273 million people, this means that over 12 million cases of scoliosis
exist, and almost 500 more are diagnosed each day . about 173,000 every year.
According to some studies, the average scoliosis patient will suffer a 14-year reduction in
their average life expectancy
scoliosis completely, this would add 168 million years of health and productivity to our
society. Clearly this is not a minor issue, but an epidemic, and one that should be taken
very seriously. Finding a proven and cost-effective method of treating scoliosis should
be the chiropractic profession.s top priority. Until we have done so, I do not believe that
any chiropractor in the world has the right to describe themselves as .spinal experts..
There are no scoliosis experts. If there were, there would be no scoliosis patients.
The information I offer in this brochure is intended to be the first step in a long journey
towards coordinating the care and correction of scoliosis patients throughout the world.
Please consider it carefully, evaluate the alternatives, and then make a conscious and
deliberate decision on its validity. For too long, professional jealousy and the status quo
have dominated all facets of the healthcare profession. It is time to refocus on the real
reason this profession exists . to serve our patients. Let us place the health and wellbeing
of those who have been entrusted to our care before any personal considerations,
and work together to find the most effective cure for every condition.
If this brochure has found its way into your hands, there must be a reason. Please
do not hesitate to copy and distribute the information herein to all who might benefit
from it, but under no condition should you sell it for a profit. As the author, I have made
a personal oath to share the information in this article without regard for financial
compensation, and I encourage you to do likewise.
I thank you sincerely for taking time to read this brochure, and pray that it inspires
and rekindles in you the passion for life, health, and happiness that has led each of us to
walk this path.
1. This means that if by some miracle we could eliminateScoliosis Surgery: the Untold Truth
Every year in the United States, roughly 20,000 Harrington rod implantation
surgeries are performed on patients with scoliosis, at an average cost of $120,000 per
operation
Every year, about 8,000 people who underwent this surgery in their youth for the
correction of their scoliosis are legally defined as permanently disabled for the rest of
their lives
an average of 22 years after the surgery was performed, their scoliosis has returned to
pre-operative levels
break loose from the wires, or worse, break completely in two, necessitating further
surgical intervention and removal of the rod. Once the rod is removed, corrosion (rust) is
found on two out of every three
After the operation is performed, the average patient suffers a 25% reduction in
their spinal ranges of motion
impairment. This flatly contradicts the claim that having a steel rod fused to your spine
will not affect your mobility, physical activities, or quality of life.
These facts are never shared with the patient prior to the surgery. Parents do not
choose the Harrington rod implantation procedure because it is the best choice for their
son or daughter, but rather because they are misled into believing that it is the
2. One-third of all spinal surgeries are performed on scoliosis patients.8. Even worse, follow-up x-rays performed upon these individuals reveal that,3. The Harrington rods inserted into their spines will either bend,4.5. Non-fused adult scoliosis patients do not have this sameonlychoice. However, many studies suggest that the side effects of the surgery are worse than
the side effects of the scoliosis itself. Consider the titles & conclusions of the following
studies:
Treating Scoliosis in Young Unneeded
Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), Stuart Weinstein, MD, University
of Iowa, 2003.
.Many with curvature of spine go on to lead normal lives. Many adolescents
diagnosed with spine curvatures can skip braces, surgery or other treatment without
developing debilitating physical impairments, a 50 year study suggests..
Long-term results of quality of life in patients with idiopathic scoliosis after
Harrington instrumentation and their relevance for expert evidence
Gotze C, Slomka A, Gotze HG, Potzl W, Liljenqvist U, Steinbeck J.
Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2002 Sep-Oct;140(5):492-8
.CONCLUSION: Forty percent of operated treated patients with idiopathic
scoliosis were legally defined as severely handicapped persons 16.7 years after the
surgery..
Medical Complications in scoliosis surgery
Curr Opin Pediatr 2001 Feb;13(1):36-41
.[Complications] include the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone,
pancreatitis, superior mesentaric artery syndrome, ileus, pnemothorax, hemothorax,
chylothorax and fat embolism. Urinary tract infections, wound infection and hardware
failure are not addressed.. [They were not addressed because happened so often!]
Results of Surgical Treatment of Adults with Idiopathic Scoliosis
J Bone Joint Surg AM 1987 Jun;69(5) :667-75 Sponseller, Nachemson et al,
.Frequency of pain was not reduced. pulmonary function did not change. 40%
had minor complications, 20% had major complications, and. there was 1 death [out of
45 patients]. In view of the high rate of complications, the limited gains to be derived
from spinal fusion should be assessed and clearly explained to the patient..
Corrosion of spinal implants retrieved from patients with scoliosis
Akazawa T, Minami S, Takahashi K, Kotani T, Hanawa T, Moriya H.
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-
1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan. J Orthop Sci. 2005;10(2):200-5.
.Corrosion was seen on many of the rod junctions (66.2%) after long-term
implantation..
Scoliosis curve correction, thoracic volume changes, and thoracic diameters in
scoliotic patients after anterior and posterior instrumentation
Int Orthop 2001;25(2):66-0
.The correlation between the change in Cobb angle and the thoracic volume
change was poor for both groups.. [e.g., whether fused in the front or back of the spine,
surgery will not improve cardiopulmonary function.]
Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for AIS
Spine 2001 Mar 1;26(5):516-25
.Initial average loss of spinal correction post-surgery is 3.2 degrees in the first
year and 6.5 after two years with continued loss of 1.0 degrees per year throughout life..
[So, if a 50 degree Cobb angle is corrected by surgery to 25 degrees, it will return to its
pre-operative condition of 50 degrees after roughly twenty years.]
Prospective Evaluation of Trunk Range of Motion in AIS Undergoing Spinal Fusion
Spine 2002 Jun 15;27 (12) :1346-54 Engsberg et al, Wash U, St. Louis, MO
.Whereas range of motion was reduced in the fused regions of the spine,
also reduced in un-fused regions
at un-fused regions contradicts current theory..
it was [emphasis added]. The lack of compensatory increaseHealth-related quality of life in patients with AIS; a matched follow-up at least 20
years after treatment with brace (BT) or surgery (ST)
European Spine Journal 2001; Aug; 10(4): 278-88
.
their back..
49% of surgically-treated patients admitted limitation of social activities due toPaul Harrington,
scoliotic spines, stated in 1963 that, "
is a condition involving much more than the spinal column
Out of the scientific journal Pediatric Rehabilitation comes perhaps the most
truthful and compelling study ever published on scoliosis surgery:
known for inventing the surgery that implants metal rods inmetal does not cure the disease of scoliosis, which ..Impact of Spine Surgery on Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Deformity
Pediatr Rehabil. 2006 Oct-Dec;9(4):318-39
Hawes, M.
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
.Pediatric scoliosis is associated with signs and symptoms including
reduced pulmonary function, increased pain and impaired quality of life, all of
which worsen during adulthood, even then the curvature remains stable. Spinal
fusion has been used as a treatment for nearly 100 years. In 1941, the American
Orthopedic Association reported that for 70% of patients treated surgically,
outcome was fair or poor: an average 65% curvature correction was reduced to
27% at greater than two year follow-up and the torso deformity was unchanged or
worse. Outcome was worse in children treated surgically before age 10, despite
earlier intervention. Today, a reduced magnitude of curvature obtained by spinal
fusion in adolescence can be maintained for decades. However, successful
surgery still does not eliminate spinal curvature and it introduces irreversible
complications whose long-term impact is poorly understood. For most patients
there is little or no improvement in pulmonary function. Some report improved
pain after surgery, some report no improvement, and some report increased pain.
The rib deformity is eliminated only by rib resection, which can dramatically
reduce respiratory function even in healthy adolescents. Outcome for pulmonary
function and deformity is worse for patients treated surgically before the age of 10
years, despite earlier intervention. Research to develop effective non-surgical
methods to prevent progression of mild, reversible spinal curvatures into complex,
irreversible deformities, is long overdue..
These x-rays show Harrington rods that bent and broke while still inside the
patient.s body. Many surgeons will refuse to operate on this condition, leaving the
patient with few options to alleviate their pain & suffering.
Good Questions & Honest Answers
Q: There.s a lot of controversy about whether or not bracing works. What is
your opinion about treating scoliosis with a brace?
A: The controversy over the effectiveness of bracing is somewhat misleading.
You will never find any doctor in the world claiming that bracing will reduce or correct
scoliosis; rather, the debate is over whether or not wearing a brace will prevent the
scoliosis from getting worse. When doctors state that bracing .works,. what they.re
really saying is that it stabilizes the scoliosis, keeping it at its current position. Most
doctors will insist that bracing does .work. . with proper compliance. Recommended
compliance is twenty-three hours per day, every day. If this seems a little extreme to
you, you.re not alone.
In a study published in the American Journal of Orthopedics, 60% of the patients
surveyed felt that bracing had handicapped their life, and 14% felt it had left a
psychological scar
recommended bracing as a treatment for scoliosis since 1991, stating, .If bracing does
not reduce the proportion of children with AIS [adolescent idiopathic scoliosis] who
require surgery for cosmetic improvement of their deformity, it cannot be said to provide
a meaningful advantage to the patient or the community..
6. The Children.s Research Center in Dublin, Ireland, has not7Q: If it is so harmful, then why is the Harrington rod implantation surgery
still being performed in the United States?
A: First, many healthcare professionals are not aware of the scientific literature
that details the negative side effects of the procedure. Also, very little follow-up with the
patient is performed after the operation. Many surgeons believe that the surgeries they
perform are beneficial to the patient because no one has returned to their office after the
operation to inform them otherwise. Doctors are desperate to meet their patients.
demands for treatment of their scoliosis, but have no options besides prescribing bracing
(which, at best, only slows or stops progression, and at worst, actually worsens the
scoliosis by weakening the postural muscles), or performing the surgery.
Obviously, if surgeons stop performing this surgery, they stand to lose a great
deal of money. Alternative treatment methods for scoliosis are simply not explored by
the established medical community because of the possibility that they may prove to be
more effective and less costly, thereby eliminating both the need to treat scoliosis
surgically, and also their source of income.
Q: Why will my insurance company pay for the Harrington rod surgery, but
not alternative methods of scoliosis treatment such as chiropractic?
A: The answer is deceptively simple, and unfortunately based upon the laws of
economics, rather than what is best for the patient. The insurance companies are
undoubtedly aware of the research stating that 40% of operated patients are legally
defined as permanently handicapped for the rest of their lives
insurance company.s financial responsibility for that patient is terminated, and federal
Social Security & Disability programs are responsible for covering all medical expenses.
8; in such an event, theQ: Why should I seek treatment for my scoliosis from a chiropractor
certified by CLEAR Institute? What do they know that my regular D.C. doesn.t?
A: Typical chiropractic adjustments have been proven to be ineffective or even
harmful to the scoliotic patient, due to the mobilization of fixated vertebrae by the
adjustment. While this may cause pain relief in the short term, the long term result is
increased progression of the Cobb angle. CLEAR practitioners are not focused on
relieving pain, although this is certainly the end result. Chiropractors trained by CLEAR
Institute are committed to achieving structural changes to the spine that will allow the
body to de-rotate and correct itself, and use specific, reproducible precision x-rays that
are analyzed according to exact guidelines to measure and quantify the change.
Q: My scoliosis is termed .idiopathic,. meaning the cause is unknown. Is it
true that I inherited this condition from my mother?
A: You may have heard that researchers at the Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for
Children recently discovered a gene associated with scoliosis. However, there are several
flaws with the .gene theory. of disease. For instance, it has been universally recognized
in recent years that attempting to attribute a genetic basis to any disease is an exercise in
futility. While there may be such a thing as a genetic
genetic marker for a specific disease is in no way a guarantee that the carrier will ever
express that particular gene. An article featured in the July 2005 issue of
American
appropriate confirmation of this concept. Even amongst identical twins, gene expression
differs over one-third of the time!
CLEAR Institute teaches that scoliosis is the body.s natural and innate response to
the loss of mechanical function provided by the normal curves of the spine. When these
curves disappear, the body re-inserts them in another dimension. If scoliosis has a
.cause,. then it can only be described as the laws of physics!
It is easy to understand this concept of mechanical advantage for yourself. Find a
heavy weight, about 10 to 20 pounds, and hold it in your hand for a while. If you have to
support this weight for a long time, there is a natural position that the body will assume:
your elbow will come close to your body, and your palm will be up, with your fingers
facing towards you. This is very similar to how your spine supports the weight of your
head with the curve in your neck. When you bend your hand forward & remove that
curve from your wrist, your elbow will swing out to the side to replace the lost stability.
This is very similar to what happens in your spine when the curve in your neck is lost; the
body develops scoliosis because a straight spine is extremely unstable. Essentially,
scoliosis is a biomechanical reaction to forward head posture & the loss of the curve in
the neck, and develops due to pressure & interference on the nerves responsible for
maintaining posture & symmetry during growth, which are concentrated in the neck.
In conclusion, perhaps some people are more likely to develop scoliosis than
others, but there is a still a reason why one person will and another will not. With
scoliosis, just like with everything else, your environment determines which genes will
become expressed and which will remain dormant. With the stability provided by the
natural curves of the spine, there is no need for the body to develop & maintain a
scoliosis.
predisposition, the presence of aScientific, entitled, "Identical Twins Exhibit Differences in Gene Expression," is anNew Research, New Possibilities
On September 14
Disorders entitled, .
rehabilitative therapy
Lawrence, D.C. In this study, twenty-two scoliosis cases with Cobb angles ranging from
15 to 52 degrees were treated with an experimental rehabilitation protocol involving
specific spinal adjustments, exercise therapy, and vibratory stimulation. Three subjects
were dismissed from the study for non-compliance. After 4-6 weeks of treatment, the
nineteen scoliosis patients who remained had experienced an average reduction in their
Cobb angle of 62%. Individually, reduction varied from 8 to 33 degrees. None of the
patients. Cobb angles increased. The conclusion of the study was that these results
warrant further testing of this new protocol. To see the study for yourself, go online at:
th, 2004, an article was published in BMC MusculoskeletalScoliosis treatment using a combination of manipulative and,. by Mark Morningstar, D.C., Dennis Woggon, D.C., and Garyhttp://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2474/5/32
Since this study, we have attempted to understand exactly why such positive
results were achieved, and our research has led us to the following theories:
1.) Scoliosis is caused by a dysponesis (miscommunication) between the motorsensory
input/output from the upper trunk to the lower. This is in turn caused by a
unilateral (one-sided) impairment of the spino-cerebellar loop, which is located in the
area between the occiput and the first cervical vertebra. Supporting this theory is the fact
that 100% of scoliosis patients have a problem with proprioception (orientation of the
body in time and space), and 100% of scoliosis patients have a loss of the curve in their
neck, resulting in forward head posture.
2.) Exercise rehabilitation therapy is mandatory to reverse the scoliosis. Without
patient compliance, no amount of care can help. It is necessary to retrain the postural
muscles of the body. Vibratory stimulation overrides the body.s proprioceptive signals
and mechanoreceptors, thus facilitating retraining of the postural muscles.
3.) Cobb angles over 30 degrees cannot be reduced in the same manner as Cobb
angles under 30 degrees. The muscles contract more on the convexity of the curve, rather
than the concavity, as is the case with angles under 30 degrees. Normal laws of
biomechanics do not apply in patients with Cobb angles of more than 30 degrees!
These theories have led to the composition of a treatment protocol for scoliosis
patients that, so far, has had universal success in compliant patients. While surgery may
be necessary in some cases, such as when the patient exhibits non-compliance with
mandatory exercise rehabilitation protocols, this information should be encouraging to
parents of children with scoliosis who are debating whether or not to schedule the
Harrington rod implantation surgery for their son or daughter. I would like to personally
encourage you to delay the surgery until all other non-surgical options have been
exhausted. Long-term ramifications of the Harrington surgery have been so unfavorable
that the new recommendations are to remove the rods after four years
is known about how the build-up of scar tissue and the disruption of the spinal pathology
will affect the patient in the future once the rods have been removed.
4. Little to nothingRecommendations for Scoliosis Treatment
One component is universally lacking in nearly all
forms of scoliosis treatment today: the effect of the cervical
spine in determining spinal pathology, gait, stance, and overall
posture. The head controls all components of the spine below
it, much like how the engine controls the direction of a train.
Without regard for which direction the locomotive is heading
in, how is it possible to control the boxcars behind it? The very
first aspect that must be addressed in scoliosis correction is the
cervical spine; specifically, correcting the forward head posture
by restoring the curve and the normal ranges of motion in the
neck, especially between the occiput (C0) and the atlas (C1).
This is why lateral cervical views in neutral, flexion, and
extension are necessary. Follow-up x-rays should be performed roughly every three
months as objective proof of improvement; should the patient.s progress plateau or
regress, additional rehabilitation or alterations to the protocol may be required.
Obviously thoracic views are necessary to measure the Cobb angle, but stay away from
full-spine views! The rate of distortion is too high to allow for consistency and accuracy
when comparing measurements between pre- and post- x-rays. It is also important to
evaluate the curve in the low back, and rotation in the hips with lateral and A-P lumbar xrays,
and correct any deviation from normal that is found.
Balance and proprioception also play an important
role in the rehabilitation of the scoliotic patient. One method
of reducing forward head posture and retraining postural
muscles is deceptively simple: by blocking the superior half
of the lens on a pair of glasses, and instructing the patient to wear them for at least twenty
minutes, the postural muscles of the neck are retrained to better hold the cervical lordosis
in place. Various spinal weights may be placed on the head and/or hips to activate the
weakened postural muscles. Also, whole-body vibration therapy (WBV) has been
scientifically proven to be extremely effective at proprioceptive re-education.
Do NOT make the mistake of trying to push. a scoliosis
out of the spine! This type of adjustment is foreign to the body,
and will be resisted. Most scoliosis braces are ineffective or even
harmful because they do exactly this. A scoliotic spine must be
visualized and corrected three-dimensionally; the lateral curve will
not reduce until the spine has been de-compressed and de-rotated.
Adjusting the apex of the curve, whether into the concavity or the
convexity, will inevitably make the situation worse
pulling . is far more effective because it is a subtler, gentler force,
and one that is less readily resisted by the body. CLEAR Institute
has developed a chair that incorporates cervical decompression
with lateral thoracic and lumbar traction, and also addresses the
rotational aspect of the scoliosis simultaneously. This passive
exercise therapy can be performed by the patient at the clinic or at
home.
The Results
(see more at www.clear-institute.com):Leah Leah
June 19, 2002 December 9, 2004
Working with scoliosis cases can be very frustrating, challenging, and rewarding
. sometimes all at once! Not every chiropractor may have the time or dedication to
commit to long-term endeavors such as is required with scoliosis. To those who do, I
offer my eternal appreciation, gratitude, and support. What you do is more than lifesaving
. it.s life-
at
There are also seminars currently being arranged through the efforts of dedicated
and experienced chiropractors affiliated with CLEAR Institute and fully trained in the
scoliosis correction technique and use of the adjunct equipment. Please contact the D.C.
nearest you to learn more about satellite seminars & workshops, or go online to
changing. www.clear-institute.com.The typical cost for a year.s worth of scoliosis care varies depending upon the region, but averages around $8,000. Insurance companies may reimburse some or all of
the costs of treatment. Cobb angles under 30 degrees can be corrected through
chiropractic adjustments & spinal exercises; Cobb angles larger than 30 degrees will also
require the patient to invest in home rehabilitation equipment, such as a Scoliosis
Traction Chair, for use at home during treatment, and, sadly, insurance companies rarely
reimburse these expenses. Once the scoliosis is corrected, changes are permanent as long
as the patient maintains good spinal health, meaning daily spinal exercises and
chiropractic check-ups every month or two.
I wish there was a quick & easy fix, but in reality there is no such thing. Surgery
& bracing will leave scars . physically or psychologically . and may result in permanent
damage to mental or physical health even worse than the side effects of the scoliosis.
Our technique requires hard work and dedication, both on the part of the chiropractor and
the patient, to achieve real, lasting results.
Contrary to medical misinformation, scoliosis correction is technique has achieved results in patients from ages 8 to 84.not age-dependent and it does not stop at osseous maturity. OurAbout CLEAR Institute
(Chiropractic Leadership, Educational Advancement, & Research)
CLEAR Institute was an idea conceived in 1998 by Dr. Dennis Woggon, who has
run a successful chiropractic practice since 1974. Founded in 2000, the original intent of
CLEAR was to provide advanced professional training to chiropractors and chiropractic
students on all aspects of practice; diagnostics, treatment protocols, and management. As
the organization evolved to meet the needs of its clients, our focus began to narrow as our
vision expanded. Today, we address the most challenging aspects of treatment that
chiropractors are likely to encounter in their day-to-day practice; cases such as whiplash
associated disorders and soft tissue injuries, as well as the most challenging spinal
condition of all: scoliosis.
Our specialty, however, is not limited merely to the treatment of scoliosis.
CLEAR Institute works closely with a variety of other companies
chiropractors with assistance in patient education, case management, insurance billing &
coding, x-ray analysis, spinal rehabilitation exercises, and functional testing. Our goal is
to guide chiropractors every step of the journey as they become true .spinal experts,.
able to quickly and accurately diagnosis, treat, and understand the intricacies of the spinal
engine.
Through seminars and lectures presented at chiropractic colleges, conferences,
and symposiums, our first mission is to spread the chiropractic message; drugs & surgery
will only address the symptoms of disease, never the cause. From there, we present
alternatives to the medically-recommended treatments that are safe, effective, and
clinically proven. Research is an integral part of CLEAR Institute; if we cannot
objectively prove that a particular method of treatment is effective, we do not advocate it.
Once the information has been presented, we then look for chiropractors who have the
dedication and commitment to become spinal experts, and work with them to provide
them with the tools and knowledge they will need to make permanent structural and
functional corrections in their most difficult patients. To facilitate this goal, we provide a
list of recommended equipment that CLEAR Institute endorses as safe and effective,
including vibration therapy equipment invented by Dr. Woggon. To view a list of these
products and obtain ordering information, please contact CLEAR Institute.
CLEAR Institute has recently begun to enlist the support of chiropractors across
the nation who are recognized as leaders in spinal biomechanics and can help introduce
others to our organization. An important prerequisite prior to joining CLEAR Institute is
that the chiropractor must have an active practice; while research may prove what is
effective, only clinical experience can prove its practicality. If you are interested in
viewing or joining our membership list, please visit our website for more information.
Thank you sincerely for your interest in CLEAR Institute; with your help, we
hope to spread a message of hope and healing across the world; chiropractic CAN help
scoliosis, and CLEAR Institute will lead the way!
Interested in learning more?
Sign up online at our website,
monthly newsletter!
Research & References
1.)
Idiopathic Scoliosis: long-term follow-up & prognosis in untreated patientsJ Bone Joint Surg Am 1981 Jun;63(5):702-12
2.)
The estimated cost of school scoliosis screeningSpine 2000 Sep 15;25(18):2387-91 Yawn & Yawn
3.)
Radiologic findings and curve progression 22 years after treatment for AISSpine 2001 Mar 1;26(5):516-25
4.)
Corrosion of spinal implants retrieved from patients with scoliosisJ Orthop Sci 2005;10(2):200-5
5.)
Comparison of Fused & Nonfused Patients with Idiopathic Scoliosis
The Effect of Scoliosis Fusion Surgery on Spinal Ranges of Motion: aSpine 2006;31(3):309-314
6.)
The etiology of Adolescent Idiopathic ScoliosisAm J Orthop 2002 Jul;31(7):387-95
7.)
incidence of surgery
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: the effect of brace treatment on theSpine 2001 Jan 1;26(1):42-7
8.)
Harrington instrumentation and their relevance for expert evidence
Long-term results of quality of life in patients with idiopathic scoliosis afterZ Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2002 Sep-Oct;140(5):492-8
9.)
The Search for Idiopathic Scoliosis GenesSpine 2006;31(6):679-81
10.)
The Ste-Justine Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Cohort StudySpine 1994 Jul 15;19(14):1573-81
11.)
mortality, causes of death, and symptoms
Long-term follow-up of patients with untreated scoliosis: a study ofSpine 1992 Sep 17;(9):1091-6
12.)
for scoliosis
Back pain and disability after Harrington rod fusion to the lumbar spineSpine 1992 Aug 17;(8 Suppl):S249-53
13.)
Results of surgical treatment of adults with idiopathic scoliosisJ Bone Joint Surg Am 1987 Jun;69(5):667-75
14.)
Thoracic Scoliosis and restricted neck motion: a new syndrome?Eur Spine J 1998;7:155-57
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